Interactions between mild depressive symptoms and amyloid pathology on the trajectory of neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and risk of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) was driven by the interplay between modifiable environmental factors and β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology. We aimed to investigate the interaction effects of mild depressive symptoms (MDS) with Aβ on AD development.

Methods: Longitudinal data of 1746 non-demented adults (mean age = 73 years, female = 53 %, maximum = 10 years) were derived from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. MDS was separately defined by the baseline status, longitudinal latent class, and average intensity during follow-up. Amyloid-positive (A+) status was determined based on cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid. Regression models were employed to analyze the interactive effects of MDS with A+ on cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and AD incidence.

Results: Individuals with both A+ status and MDS at baseline experienced the fastest neurodegeneration (p < 0.01), cognitive decline (p < 0.05), and a higher risk of developing AD (HR = 5.23, p < 0.001). Furthermore, A+ participants with the trajectory of increasing depressive symptoms demonstrated more pronounced neurodegeneration (p < 0.001), cognitive decline (p < 0.01), and elevated risk of AD (HR = 10.45, p < 0.001). Finally, A+ status in combination with a higher average intensity of depressive symptoms was associated with faster brain atrophy (p < 0.01) and brain metabolism decline (p < 0.05), cognitive decline (p < 0.05), and higher AD risk (HR = 13.99, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: These findings emphasized that the MDS-Aβ interaction relationship should be considered in risk stratification, prediction, and early management of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in the pre-dementia stage.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid-β; Cognitive decline; Mild depressive symptoms; Neurodegeneration.