Purpose of review: This review aims to consolidate recent observations regarding extra-osseous roles of the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis, primarily within skeletal muscle.
Recent findings: Preclinical efforts to decipher a common signalling pathway that links the synchronous decline in bone and muscle health in ageing and disease disclosed a potential role of the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis in skeletal muscle. Evidence suggests RANKL inhibition benefits skeletal muscle function, mass, fibre-type switching, calcium homeostasis and reduces fall incidence. However, there still exists ambiguity regarding the exact mechanistic actions and subsequent functional improvements. Other potential RANK-RANKL-OPG extra-osseous roles include regulation of neural-inflammation and glucose metabolism. Growing evidence suggests the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis may play a regulatory role in extra-osseous tissues, especially in skeletal muscle. Targeting RANKL may be a novel therapy in ameliorating loss of muscle mass and function. More research is warranted to determine the causality of the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis in extra-osseous tissues, especially those affected by aging.
Keywords: Denosumab; Extra-osseous; NF-κB signalling; Osteoprotegerin; RANK-RANKL-OPG axis; Skeletal muscle.
© 2024. The Author(s).