Light-Driven Green-Fabricated Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Micro/Nanorobots for Multimodal Phototherapeutic Management of Bladder Cancer

Adv Healthc Mater. 2024 Dec;13(32):e2402864. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202402864. Epub 2024 Sep 29.

Abstract

Combination therapy based on precise phototherapies combined with immune modulation provides successful antitumor effects. In this study, a combination therapy is designed based on phototactic, photosynthetic, and phototherapeutic Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii (CHL)-glycol chitosan (GCS)-polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticle (NP)-enhanced immunity combined with the tumor microenvironment turnover of cytotoxic T cells and M1/M2 macrophages, which is based on photothermal GCS-PPy NPs decorated onto the phototactic and photosynthetic CHL. Phototherapy based on CHL-GCS-PPy NPs alleviates hypoxia and modulates the tumor immune microenvironment, which induces tumor cell death. In particular, the precise antitumor immune response and potent immune memory induced by combining self-navigated phototherapies significantly alleviate the progression of bladder cancer in C57BL/6 mice and effectively inhibit bladder tumor growth. Furthermore, they also potentially prevent tumor recurrence, which provides a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical tumor therapy.

Keywords: bladder cancer; chlamydomonas; immune modulation; phototherapeutic effect; tumor microenvironment.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Chitosan / chemistry
  • Humans
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL*
  • Nanoparticles / chemistry
  • Phototherapy* / methods
  • Polymers / chemistry
  • Pyrroles / chemistry
  • Pyrroles / pharmacology
  • Tumor Microenvironment / drug effects
  • Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* / drug therapy
  • Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* / pathology
  • Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* / therapy

Substances

  • polypyrrole
  • Chitosan
  • Pyrroles
  • Polymers