Difference between hand and forearm transepidermal water loss and skin pH as an improved method to biomonitor occupational hand eczema: our findings in healthcare workers

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2024 Sep 29;75(3):172-179. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3885. eCollection 2024 Sep 1.

Abstract

The aim of this cross-sectional field study was to establish the condition of hand and forearm skin barrier among dentists and physicians and how it may be associated with personal and work-related factors. The study consisted of an occupational questionnaire, clinical examination of skin on hands, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH measurements on hands and forearms. The participants were divided in the following groups (N=37 each, N=148 in total): physicians, medical surgeons, dentists, and dental surgeons. We calculated the difference between hand and forearm TEWL and pH (ΔTEWL and ΔpH, respectively) and divided it by the forearm values (ΔTEWL% and ΔpH%, respectively). There was a clear trend of increasing median ΔTEWL%, starting from physicians with non-surgical specialisation (56 %) to medical surgeons (65 %), dentists (104 %), and dental surgeons (108 %), with the latter two groups showing particularly worrisome signs of work-related skin barrier impairment, since they had double the TEWL on hands than on forearms. Although less prominent, the same worsening trend was noted for skin pH, with dental surgeons having on average a 0.3 points higher skin pH on hands than on forearms. These findings were mainly associated with prolonged glove use and male sex. Our findings also suggest that comparing TEWL and pH between hands and forearms can better establish occupational skin barrier impairment on hands.

Cilj ove presječne epidemiološke terenske studije bio je istražiti razliku između stanja kožne barijere šaka i podlaktica među zdravstvenim radnicima te povezanosti s osobnim i radnim čimbenicima. Studija je uključivala upitnik o radnoj izloženosti, klinički pregled kože šaka i mjerenje transepidermalnoga gubitka vode (TEWL) i pH kože šaka i podlaktica. Sudionici su bili sljedeći zdravstveni djelatnici (N=37 u svakoj skupini): liječnici-nekirurzi, liječnici-kirurzi, stomatolozi-nekirurzi i stomatolozi-kirurzi. ΔTEWL i ΔpH izračunani su kao razlika vrijednosti na šaci i podlaktici, a ΔTEWL% i ΔpH% kao ta razlika podijeljena s vrijednošću na podlaktici. Uočili smo jasan trend povećanja razlika između stanja kožne barijere šake u odnosu na podlakticu, počevši od liječnika-nekirurga s medijanom ΔTEWL% od 56 %, do liječnika-kirurga (65 %), stomatologa-nekirurga (104 %) i stomatologa-kirurga (108 %). TEWL vrijednosti na šakama u objema skupinama stomatologa u prosjeku su bile dvostruko veće od onih na podlaktici, što je posebno zabrinjavajući pokazatelj oštećenja kožne barijere. Iako manje izražen, isti trend pogoršanja primijećen je za pH kože, pri čemu su kirurzi u prosjeku imali 0,3 viši pH kože šaka nego podlaktica. Dugotrajna uporaba rukavica bila je glavni radni čimbenik povezan s oštećenjem kožne barijere vidljivim u većoj razlici vrijednosti TEWL i pH kože šake i podlaktice, a muški je spol bio osobni čimbenik značajno povezan s višim TEWL-om i nižim pH kože. Naši rezultati upućuju na bolju diferencijaciju oštećenja kožne barijere na rukama zbog profesionalne izloženosti kožnim štetnostima usporedbom rezultata mjerenja na šaci s rezultatom na podlaktici.

Keywords: contact dermatitis; dentists; kirurzi; kontaktni dermatitis; kožna barijera; liječnici; physicians; skin barrier; stomatolozi; surgeons.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Dentists
  • Dermatitis, Occupational* / etiology
  • Dermatitis, Occupational* / physiopathology
  • Eczema / physiopathology
  • Female
  • Forearm* / physiopathology
  • Hand / physiopathology
  • Hand Dermatoses / etiology
  • Hand Dermatoses / physiopathology
  • Health Personnel
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Water Loss, Insensible*