Evaluation of the Bone Formation Potential of Collagen/ß-TCP/Ginger Extract Scaffold Loaded with Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rat Animal model: A Stereological Study

Nader Tanideh; Afsoon Bordbar; Hossein Bordbar; Mohammad Saleh Khaghaninejad; Sajad Daneshi; Shima Torabi Ardekani; Aida Iraji; Shahrokh Zare; Zahra Khodabandeh; Najmeh Sarafraz; Romina Tanideh; Moein Zarei; Cambyz Irajie

doi:10.1007/s12663-022-01829-9

Evaluation of the Bone Formation Potential of Collagen/ß-TCP/Ginger Extract Scaffold Loaded with Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rat Animal model: A Stereological Study

J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2024 Oct;23(5):1331-1342. doi: 10.1007/s12663-022-01829-9. Epub 2022 Dec 23.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
² Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
³ Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
⁴ Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
⁵ Anatomy Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
⁶ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
⁷ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
⁸ Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
⁹ Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
¹⁰ Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

PMID: 39376777
PMCID: PMC11455761 (available on 2025-10-01)
DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01829-9

Abstract

Tissue engineering offers a new horizon for restoring the function of damaged tissues and organs. Here, bone regeneration potential of three-dimensional (3D) scaffold made of collagen/beta-tricalcium phosphate/ginger hydroalcoholic extract (COL-ß-TCP-GIN) loaded with stem cells was evaluated. The scaffolds with different component ratios were fabricated using a freeze dryer to obtain the optimum composition. The scaffolds' chemical, physical, and biological characteristics were evaluated using scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile testing machine, and cytotoxicity assay. The optimum scaffold's bone repairing potential was assessed with loaded synovial membrane mesenchymal stem cells (SM-MSCs) in mandibular bone defect of a rat animal model after two months. The ß-TCP component up to 30% could increase the tensile strength of the freeze-dried scaffold. In comparison, the GIN up to 5% was selected as a sufficient amount to be incorporated with the scaffolds. The morphology of scaffolds showed a suitable porosity for cells to proliferate and migrate. In vitro cytotoxicity results showed that GIN increased the cell viability up to 7 days. Regarding in vivo bone regeneration study, histopathology and stereology assessments showed the mandibular bone formation in COL/β-TCP/GIN scaffolds with SM-MSCs group significantly increased compared to COL/β-TCP/GIN without cells and sham groups. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of COL/β-TCP/GIN scaffold with SM-MSCs to induce bone formation, and this composite can be applied in dental and reconstructive surgery.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12663-022-01829-9.

Keywords: Bone regeneration; Collagen; Ginger; Mesenchymal stem cells; Tissue engineering; ß-TCP.

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