Effect of packaging with versus without candy-oriented marketing themes on the appeal and sensory attributes of flavoured e-cigarettes

Nikki S Jafarzadeh; Dae Hee Han; Natalia Peraza; Marissa K Anderson; Alyssa F Harlow; John R Monterosso; Raina D Pang; Tyler B Mason; Kurt Hong; Rael Cahn; Adam M Leventhal

doi:10.1136/tc-2024-058904

Effect of packaging with versus without candy-oriented marketing themes on the appeal and sensory attributes of flavoured e-cigarettes

Tob Control. 2024 Oct 9:tc-2024-058904. doi: 10.1136/tc-2024-058904. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Nikki S Jafarzadeh^{1

2}, Dae Hee Han^{1

2}, Natalia Peraza^{2

3}, Marissa K Anderson⁴, Alyssa F Harlow^{1

2}, John R Monterosso^{2

3}, Raina D Pang^{1

2}, Tyler B Mason^{1

2}, Kurt Hong^{5

6}, Rael Cahn⁶, Adam M Leventhal^{7

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
² Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
³ Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁴ Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁵ Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁷ Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA adam.leventhal@usc.edu.

PMID: 39384403
DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058904

Abstract

Significance: E-cigarettes with candy-themed marketing are implicated in decisions to first try e-cigarettes but have unknown effects on the experience of vaping. We compared adults' perceived appeal and sensory attributes after self-administering flavoured e-cigarettes in experimentally manipulated packaging with candy-themed versus standard marketing. We also assessed effect modification by salt vs free-base nicotine formulation.

Methods: Adults who currently used e-cigarettes and/or cigarettes (N=72; age M(SD)=31.4 (12.8) years) completed single-puff self-administrations from eight individually-packaged pods containing fruit or dessert-flavoured e-liquid via staff-guided video sessions. For each e-liquid flavour, we custom-manufactured packaging with standard (eg, 'mango'; mango fruit image) and candy (eg, 'mango gummy bear'; gummy bear image) marketing versions, which we varied within-subject (four pods candy; four pods standard). After participants opened the package and vaped the pod inside, they rated its sensory attributes and appeal (0-100 scale). Participants were randomised between subjects to salt or free-base ~2.3% nicotine in all pods.

Results: Marketing theme had no significant main effects on outcomes. Marketing theme × nicotine formulation interactions were significant; candy-themed (vs standard) packaging elevated composite appeal (B_{difference [estimated mean difference between marketing themes]}=7.7), liking (B_difference=8.4), and sweetness (B_difference=5.7) ratings in free-base but not salt nicotine formulations. Marketing theme did not affect smoothness, harshness and bitterness ratings regardless of nicotine formulation.

Conclusion: Candy-themed marketing may heighten the appeal and sweet sensory experience of vaping flavoured free-base nicotine e-cigarettes. While marketing restrictions are predominantly intended to prevent e-cigarette initiation, candy-themed marketing restrictions could also prevent persistent use by lowering the appeal of flavoured free-base nicotine e-cigarettes.

Keywords: Electronic nicotine delivery devices; Nicotine; Packaging and labelling.