Blood Pressure on Ambulatory Monitoring and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and All-cause Mortality: Ecological Validity or Measurement Reliability?

Abstract

Background: The association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is stronger for mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) estimated using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) versus office measurements. Determining whether this is due to ABPM providing more measurement reliability or greater ecological validity can inform its use.

Methods: We estimated the association of mean SBP based on 2 office measurements and 2, 5, 10, and 20 measurements on ABPM with incident CVD in the Jackson Heart Study (n=773). Hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD were estimated per standard deviation higher mean SBP. CVD events were defined by incident fatal or non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or fatal coronary heart disease.

Results: There were 80 CVD events over a median 15 years. The adjusted HRs for incident CVD were 1.03 (95%CI: 0.90-1.19) for mean office SBP and 1.30 (95%CI: 1.12-1.50), 1.34 (95%CI: 1.15-1.56), 1.36 (95%CI: 1.17-1.59), and 1.38 (95%CI: 1.17-1.63) for mean SBP using the first 2, 5, 10 and 20 ABPM readings. The difference in the HRs for incident CVD ranged from 0.26 (95%CI: 0.07-0.46) to 0.35 (95%CI: 0.15-0.54) when comparing mean office SBP versus 2, 5, 10, or 20 sequential ABPM readings. The association with incident CVD was also stronger for mean SBP based on 2, 5, 10, and 20 randomly-selected ABPM readings versus 2 office readings.

Conclusion: Mean SBP based on two ABPM readings versus two office measurements had a stronger association with CVD events. The increase in the strength of the association with more ABPM readings was small.

Keywords: ABPM; African Americans; Jackson Heart Study; ambulatory monitoring; blood pressure; cardiovascular disease; mortality.