An unescapable looming threat paradigm for assessing anxiety-like responses in rats

Abstract

Rapidly approaching visual stimuli (i.e. looming objects) are known to evoke unconditioned defense responses across species. In rodents, this threat reactivity repertoire includes freezing and fleeing behavior. Although components of the circuitry underlying unconditioned response to a looming threat have been elucidated, both a temporal characterization and drug effects on the freezing response have not yet been reported. Here, we describe a modified version of a looming threat task in which no escape route is available. In this task, we observed unconditioned freezing prior to, during, and after exposure to a looming threat stimulus. In Long Evans (LE) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, we report looming stimulus-specific freezing response. We further explored the specificity and pharmacosensitivity of this response in male and female LE rats. Administration of a GABA-A receptor negative allosteric modulator (FG-7142) did not re-establish freezing in habituated animals; however, administration of a GABA-A receptor positive allosteric modulator (diazepam) in naïve LEs significantly reduced freezing during the post-looming period in a sex-dependent manner. Presentation of an unescapable looming stimulus results in freezing that extends beyond the acute threat exposure. Because freezing responses outlast the initial threat, and display only modest sensitivity to conventional anxiolytic therapy, this may represent a platform for screening agents in treatment-refractory anxiety.

Keywords: Anxiety; Benzodiazepine; Beta carboline; Ethology; Predator; Unconditioned fear.