Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals that were commonly used in the construction of cement pipes for drinking water distribution systems. These pipes deteriorate and can release asbestos fibers into drinking water, raising concerns about potential risk to human health. The objective of this work was to synthesize human, animal, and in vitro evidence on potential health risks due to ingested asbestos in drinking water and evaluate the weight of evidence (WoE) of human health risk. A systematic review of epidemiological evidence was conducted, along with critical review of animal and in vitro evidence, followed by WoE evaluation that integrated human, animal, and in vitro evidence. The systematic review included 17 human studies with health outcomes mostly related to various cancer sites, with the majority focusing on the gastrointestinal system. The WoE evaluation resulted in very low levels of confidence or insufficient evidence of a health effect for cancers in 15 organ systems and for three non-cancer endpoints. While eight studies reported possible associations with stomach cancer in males, few high-quality studies were available to verify a causal relationship. Based on high-quality animal studies, an increased risk for cancer or non-cancer endpoints was not supported, aligning with findings from human studies. Overall, the currently available body of evidence is insufficient to establish a clear link between asbestos contamination in drinking water and adverse health effects. Due to the lack of both high-quality epidemiological studies and a validated kinetic model for ingested asbestos, additional research on this association is warranted.
Keywords: Asbestos; adverse health effects; cancer; drinking water; ingestion.