Effective deep-learning brain MRI super resolution using simulated training data

Abstract

Background: In the field of medical imaging, high-resolution (HR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for accurate disease diagnosis and analysis. However, HR imaging is prone to artifacts and is not universally available. Consequently, low-resolution (LR) MRI images are typically acquired. Deep learning (DL)-based super-resolution (SR) techniques can transform LR images into HR quality. However, these techniques require paired HR-LR data for training the SR networks.

Objective: This research aims to investigate the potential of simulated brain MRI data to train DL-based SR networks.

Methods: We simulated a large set of anatomically diverse, voxel-aligned, and artifact-free brain MRI data at different resolutions. We utilized this simulated data to train four distinct DL-based SR networks and augment their training. The trained networks were then evaluated using real data from various sources.

Results: With our trained networks, we produced 0.7mm SR images from standard 1mm resolution multi-source T1w brain MRI. Our experimental results demonstrate that the trained networks significantly enhance the sharpness of LR input MR images. For single-source images, the performance of networks trained solely on simulated data is slightly inferior to those trained solely on real data, with an average structural similarity index (SSIM) difference of 0.025. However, networks augmented with simulated data outperform those trained on single-source real data when evaluated across datasets from multiple sources.

Conclusion: Paired HR-LR simulated brain MRI data is suitable for training and augmenting diverse brain MRI SR networks. Augmenting the training data with simulated data can enhance the generalizability of the SR networks across real datasets from multiple sources.

Keywords: Brain magnetic resonance imaging; Deep learning based super resolution; Generalizability; Physics-based MR image simulation.