Classification of salivary gland biopsies in Sjögren's syndrome by a convolutional neural network using an auto-machine learning platform

Jorge Álvarez Troncoso; Elena Ruiz-Bravo; Clara Soto Abánades; Alexandre Dumusc; Álvaro López-Janeiro; Thomas Hügle

doi:10.1186/s41927-024-00417-3

Classification of salivary gland biopsies in Sjögren's syndrome by a convolutional neural network using an auto-machine learning platform

BMC Rheumatol. 2024 Nov 6;8(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s41927-024-00417-3.

Authors

Jorge Álvarez Troncoso^{1

2}, Elena Ruiz-Bravo³, Clara Soto Abánades^{1

2}, Alexandre Dumusc^{4

5}, Álvaro López-Janeiro⁶, Thomas Hügle^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
² Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, España.
³ Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
⁴ Department of Rheumatology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁵ University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁶ Pathology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
⁷ Department of Rheumatology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. thomas.hugle@chuv.ch.
⁸ University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. thomas.hugle@chuv.ch.

Abstract

Background: The histopathological analysis of minor salivary gland biopsies, particularly through the quantification of the Focus Score (FS), is pivotal in the diagnostic workflow for Sjögren's Syndrome (SS). AI-based image recognition using deep learning models has demonstrated potential in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in preclinical research.

Objectives: The primary aim of this investigation was to utilize an auto-machine learning (autoML) platform for the automated segmentation and quantification of FS on histopathological slides, aiming to augment diagnostic precision and speed in SS.

Methods: A cohort comprising 86 patients with sicca syndrome (37 diagnosed with SS based on the 2016 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria and 49 non-SS) was selected for an in-depth histological examination. A repository of 172 slides (two per patient) was assembled, encompassing 74 slides meeting the classificatory thresholds for SS (FS ≥ 1, indicative of lymphocytic infiltration) and 98 slides showcasing normal salivary gland histology. The autoML platform utilized (Giotto, L2F, Lausanne Switzerland) employed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture (ResNet-152) for the training and validation phases, using a dataset of 172 slides.

Results: The developed model exhibited a reliability score of 0.88, proficiently distinguishing SS cases, with a sensitivity of 89.47% (95% CI: 66.86% to 98.70%) and a specificity of 88.24% (95% CI: 63.56% to 98.54%). The model found histological slides of suboptimal quality (e.g., those compromised during fixation or staining processes) to be the most challenging for accurate classification.

Conclusion: AutoML platforms offer a rapid and flexible approach to developing machine learning models, even with smaller datasets, as demonstrated in this study for SS. These platforms hold significant potential for enhancing diagnostic precision and efficiency in both clinical and research settings. Multicentric studies with larger patient cohorts are essential for thorough evaluation and validation of this innovative diagnostic approach.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Salivary gland biopsy; Sicca; Sjögren.