Application of the Linear Interaction Energy Method to Nitric Oxide Synthase Structure-Based Inhibitor Design

J Chem Inf Model. 2024 Nov 25;64(22):8586-8594. doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c01156. Epub 2024 Nov 7.

Abstract

The overproduction of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is associated with several neuropathological conditions. As a result, inhibition of nNOS is a desirable therapeutic goal while avoiding the inhibition of endothelial NOS (eNOS) given its essential role in maintaining cardiovascular tone. Designing inhibitors with high specificity for nNOS over eNOS is challenging given the close similarity in the active site structure of all mammalian NOS isoforms. Computational methods like free energy perturbation (FEP) and thermodynamic integration (TI) offer attractive avenues for rational drug design, but application of these methods to NOS is hindered by several challenges, including proper handling of highly charged inhibitors with diverse structures as well as computational expense. To address these issues, we present a simplified approach combining continuum dielectric generalized born (GB) solvent models with linear interaction energy (LIE) calculations. Our method demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data for charged inhibitors targeting mammalian NOS isoforms (mNOS). Our results highlight the utility of the GB-LIE method as a promising tool for screening NOS inhibitors and potentially other protein targets with charged active sites and diverse inhibitor structures.

MeSH terms

  • Catalytic Domain
  • Drug Design*
  • Enzyme Inhibitors* / chemistry
  • Enzyme Inhibitors* / pharmacology
  • Humans
  • Models, Molecular
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase / chemistry
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase / metabolism
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I* / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I* / chemistry
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I* / metabolism
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / chemistry
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / metabolism
  • Thermodynamics*

Substances

  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase