Does Sleep Moderate the Effects of Exercise Training or Complex Mental and Social Activities on Cognitive Function in Adults With Chronic Stroke? Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

Abstract

Background: Exercise (EX) or cognitive and social enrichment (ENRICH) are 2 strategies for promoting cognition poststroke. Whether sleep moderates the effects of EX or ENRICH on cognition in adults with chronic stroke is unknown.

Methods: A 3-arm parallel randomized clinical trial among community-dwelling adults aged 55+ years with chronic stroke (ie, ≥12 months since stroke). Participants were randomized to 2× per week EX, ENRICH, or balance and tone control (BAT). At baseline, device-measured sleep duration and efficiency were measured using wrist-worn actigraphy; self-reported quality was measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants were categorized at baseline as having good or poor device-measured duration, device-measured efficiency, or self-reported quality based on PSQI. The primary cognitive outcome was Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Plus (ADAS-Cog-Plus) measured at baseline, 6 months (end of intervention), and 12 months (6-month follow-up). We examined if baseline sleep categorizations (ie, good vs poor) moderated the effects of EX or ENRICH on ADAS-Cog-Plus.

Results: We enrolled 120 participants in the trial (EX = 34; ENRICH = 34; BAT = 52). Sleep quality (ie, device-measured sleep efficiency or self-reported sleep quality) categorization moderated effects of EX (but not ENRICH) on ADAS-Cog-Plus. Compared with BAT participants with poor sleep quality, EX participants with poor sleep quality had better ADAS-Cog-Plus performance at 6 months (estimated mean difference for those with poor device-measured sleep efficiency: -0.48; 95% CI [-0.85, -0.10]; p = .010); estimated mean difference for those with poor self-reported sleep quality: -0.38; 95% CI [-0.70, -0.07]; p = .014). There was no effect of EX on ADAS-Cog-Plus for participants with good sleep quality. Device-measured sleep duration did not moderate intervention effects.

Conclusions: Exercise is particularly beneficial in improving cognitive function in adults with chronic stroke and poor sleep quality.

Keywords: Cognitive function; Environmental enrichment; Exercise training; Sleep; Stroke.