Objectives: Pain management in the potentially austere search and rescue (SAR) and emergency medical services (EMS) environments can be challenging. Intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes of administration may be less practical. This study assesses the efficacy and safety of the sublingual sufentanil tablet (SST) in prehospital settings and hypothesizes that its use will reduce pain while maintaining a reasonable safety profile.
Methods: This was a retrospective case analysis examining patient records from Teton County Search and Rescue, Grand Teton National Park EMS, and Jackson Hole Fire/EMS from 2021-2023, based on the criteria that they were administered SST in a prehospital setting. Cases in which SST was used were examined to assess patient characteristics, injury classification, patient reported pain scale before and after SST, other medications administered, and vital signs.
Results: Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria. Six individuals were excluded due to missing one or more of the key variables, and the analysis was carried out with the remaining (N = 64 cases). The mean pain score decreased from 8.0 ± 1.9 before medication administration to 5.5 ± 2.5 after administration, reflecting a statistically significant difference of 2.6 ± 2.1 (p < 0.001). The results also revealed statistically significant reductions in heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) following SST administration (mean HR dropped by 4.2 ± 9.1 beats/min, p = 0.004, and mean SBP dropped by 11.1 ± 21.8 mmHg, p = 0.01). Changes in vital signs, although statistically significant, were not clinically significant and did not necessitate additional monitoring or intervention in any patients.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that SST administration led to a significant reduction in pain scores and exhibited a favorable safety profile regarding vital signs, including SBP, HR, respiratory rate (RR), and O2 saturation. These findings support the utilization of SST for pain management in the prehospital setting, particularly in austere environments where traditional routes of administration may be impractical.