Basic research and opportunities for translational advancement in the field of mammalian ∼12-hour ultradian chronobiology

Abstract

Repetitive variations, such as oscillation, are ubiquitous in biology. In this mini review, we present a general summary of the ∼24 h circadian clock and provide a fundamental overview of another biological timekeeper that maintains ∼12 h oscillations. This ∼12 h oscillator is proposed to function independently of the circadian clock to regulate ultradian biological rhythms relevant to both protein homeostasis and liver health. Recent studies exploring these ∼12 h rhythms in humans are discussed, followed by our proposal that mammary gland physiology represents a promising area for further research. We conclude by highlighting potential translational applications in ∼12 h ultradian chronobiology.

Keywords: NAFLD/MAFLD; XBP1s; circadian rhythm; nuclear speckles; proteostasis; ultradian rhythm; unfolded protein response.