1 Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK (A.J.L., R.C.).
2 UK Biobank Ltd, Stockport, Greater Manchester, UK (A.J.L., M.K.R., R.C.).
3 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK (M.K.R.).
4 Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK (M.K.R.).