Prevalence of respiratory pathogens among hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infection during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Shijiazhuang, China

Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Nov 28:14:1486953. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1486953. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have led to changes in the epidemiology of other respiratory pathogens. This study was conducted to explore the epidemiological characteristics of 13 respiratory pathogens, including 11 respiratory viruses and 2 non-classical microorganisms, in hospitalised patients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and to compare the prevalence of respiratory pathogens during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We conducted a single-centre retrospective study involving 8979 patients with ARTIs in Shijiazhuang City from December 2019 to December 2023. The GeXP analysis platform and multiple reverse transcription-PCR (mRT-PCR) technology were used to simultaneously detect 13 respiratory pathogens. The ARIMA model was constructed to predict the pathogen detection rate in each quarter of Shijiazhuang City in the next 2 y.

Results: Among the 8979 patients, 4169 (46.43%) tested positive for respiratory pathogens. The total pathogen detection rate rebounded in the year after the COVID-19 pandemic. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the positive rates in men were slightly higher than those in women and the positive rates in spring and winter were significantly higher than those in summer. The dominant pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic were Influenza A viru (InfA; 24.08%) and Human Rhinovirus (HRV; 21.77%), and after the COVID-19 pandemic were InfA (27.92%) and H3 (21.17%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, InfA and HRV frequently occurred in all age groups. After the COVID-19 pandemic, InfA and Seasonal Influenza virus H3N2 (H3) frequently occurred in all age groups.

Conclusions: A series of NPIs introduced by the Chinese government during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on acute upper respiratory pathogenic infections. After the withdrawal of the NPIs, the spectrum of respiratory pathogens changed.

Keywords: ARTIs/ILI; COVID-19; epidemiology; non-classical microorganisms; respiratory pathogens.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • COVID-19* / epidemiology
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • China / epidemiology
  • Female
  • Hospitalization* / statistics & numerical data
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Pandemics
  • Prevalence
  • Respiratory Tract Infections* / epidemiology
  • Respiratory Tract Infections* / virology
  • Retrospective Studies
  • SARS-CoV-2* / genetics
  • SARS-CoV-2* / isolation & purification
  • Seasons
  • Young Adult

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Funding for Construction of Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine for Diabetes (Grants No.226790187H), the Funding for Post-performance subsidy of Shijiazhuang Technology Innovation Center of Precision Medicine for Diabetes (Grants No.227790657A), and the Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Provincial Health Commission (Grant No.20221655; 20240133).