The crisis of the third day in intracranial pressure dynamics following traumatic brain injury, fact or fiction?

R D Singh; M W H Bolscher; J T J M van Dijck; R J G Vreeburg; I A M van Erp; V Lubrano; G C W de Ruiter; B Depreitere; S C Cannegieter; B Siegerink; T A van Essen; W C Peul

doi:10.1016/j.bas.2024.104135

The crisis of the third day in intracranial pressure dynamics following traumatic brain injury, fact or fiction?

Brain Spine. 2024 Nov 14:4:104135. doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2024.104135. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland (UNCH), Leiden University Medical Centre, Haaglanden Medical Center and Haga Teaching Hospital, Leiden, The Hague, the Netherlands.
² Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, 1, Avenue Du Professeur-Jean-Poulhès, Toulouse, France.
³ Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴ Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, QEll Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Abstract

Introduction: In 1960, Lazorthes and Campman introduced the concept of a 'crisis of the third day', which gained prominence in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI), where it relates to neurological deterioration on the third day after injury. However, evidence regarding this phenomenon remains scarce.

Research question: This study aimed to analyze posttraumatic intracranial pressure (ICP) patterns in a large European cohort to investigate the existence of a third-day crisis and its impact on 12-month functional outcomes.

Materials and methods: Data were analyzed from the prospective Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. Patients with TBI admitted to ICUs in 65 European centers who received ICP monitoring were included. ICP measurements, averaged per day, were analyzed using mixed models. The association between ICP peak timing and functional outcome was examined with multivariable logistic regression.

Results: The study included 886 patients. Average ICP trajectories showed no significant changes over the first seven days post-injury, without elevation around the third day. Among 563 patients with ICP >20 during the first week, 45% reached their highest ICP after the third day. Elevated ICP (>20 mmHg) during the first week was associated with unfavorable 12-month outcomes, but the timing of ICP peak was not linked to functional outcomes.

Discussion and conclusion: This multicenter study challenges the 'crisis of the third day' concept. No distinct ICP or TIL elevations were observed around the third day. Elevated ICP remains a prognostic indicator, but ICP peak timing does not correlate with functional outcomes.

Keywords: Intracranial pressure; Neurosurgery; Therapy intensity level; Traumatic brain injury.