Aims: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMV/r) is an orally administered antiviral indicated for the outpatient treatment of adult patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 at high risk for disease progression to severe illness. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of NMV/r versus best supportive care for 54 patient cohorts, specified according to age, vaccination status and comorbidity burden.
Materials and methods: A previously published and validated cost-effectiveness model was utilized and adapted to the Swedish setting. The model used a short-term decision-tree (1 year) followed by a lifetime 2-state Markov model. The short-term decision-tree captured costs and outcomes associated with the primary infection. Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) was only considered in terms of quality-of-life decrements for one year. Baseline hospitalization and mortality risks were taken from a Swedish, nationwide, uniquely granular, Omicron-era, real-world study. NMV/r effectiveness were taken from an Omicron-era US real-world study. Remaining inputs were informed by previous COVID-19 studies and publicly available Swedish sources.
Results: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) showed a large variation ranging from almost nine million SEK for some of the youngest cohorts to being dominant (i.e. cost-saving with higher gains in quality-of-life vs standard of care) for twelve elderly cohorts. In general, higher age in combination with non-recent (>180 days) or no vaccination led to lower ICERs. Specifically, NMV/r was cost-effective for all but one patient cohorts at least 70 years old, and for most patient cohorts 60-69 years old.
Limitations: As COVID-19 landscape changes, symptom burden and baseline risks constantly change. Thus, the cost-effectiveness of NMV/r will change with time. However, the future risks could be related to the risks in the current study, and thus remain useful for decision makers.
Conclusions: This study shows that NMV/r is a cost-effective or even cost-saving treatment option for many patient cohorts, including most elderly and not-recently vaccinated patients with at least some comorbidity burden.
Keywords: C3; COVID-19; D61; I10; I11; cost-effectiveness; cost-utility; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, real-world evidence, antiviral, SARA-CoV-2.
COVID-19 continues to be a significant health concern, especially for older adults and those with other health conditions. Despite high vaccination rates, many people still get seriously ill or die from the infection. This study looks at the cost-effectiveness (a measure of value for money) of a treatment called Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (NMV/r) compared to the usual care for different groups of patients in Sweden.The researchers used a model to predict the costs and health outcomes of using NMV/r. They looked at 54 different patient groups based on age, vaccination status, and other health conditions. The model included data on hospital stays and death rates from a Swedish study and the effectiveness of NMV/r from a study in the United States.The study found that NMV/r provides value for money for many patients, especially those who are of older age, those who have not been recently vaccinated and those who have pre-existing health issues. This means that using NMV/r improves health outcomes, such as fewer days with symptoms, fewer hospitalizations, and fewer deaths, at a reasonable cost.In conclusion, NMV/r is a cost-effective treatment for many patient groups in Sweden, helping to reduce the burden of COVID-19 on the healthcare system and improve patient outcomes.