Objective: To evaluate the uterine microbiome among women with endometrial polyps and submucosal fibroids and to compare results between endometrial sampling techniques.
Design: Patients with polyps or fibroids were prospectively recruited prior to hysteroscopy, while patients undergoing retrieval for planned oocyte cryopreservation were recruited prospectively as controls. Three specimen types obtained for each patient were the distal 5 mm of an embryo catheter passed to the uterine fundus (C), endometrial tissue from an endometrial biopsy (T), and formalin fixed paraffin embedded endometrial tissue from the same endometrial biopsy (FFPE). 16S rRNAgene amplicon sequencing was performed to analyze the structure of the endometrial microbiome.
Subjects: Thirty-seven participants including 28 women with polyps and/or fibroids and 9 controls.
Intervention/exposure: None MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Microbial taxonomic alpha and beta diversity; differential abundance of taxa RESULTS: Across all sample types, participants with polyps had higher microbial alpha diversity compared to controls (4.3 vs 5.1, q = 0.049), and microbial communities were significantly different (pairwise PERMANOVA pseudo-F = 2.1, q = 0.003). These differences were observed when examining C specimens alone (5.4 vs 6.4, q = 0.001; pairwise PERMANOVA pseudo-F = 2.5, q = 0.003), though did not reach significance when examining either T or FFPE specimens alone. Participants with fibroids had similar alpha diversity yet significant differences in beta diversity compared to controls in analyses combining all specimens (Pairwise PERMANOVA pseudo-F = 1.475, q = 0.030); however, these differences did not achieve significance when analyzing C, T, or FFPE specimens alone. When comparing C and T specimens vs. FFPE specimens overall, alpha diversity was significantly higher (q<0.001 and <0.001, respectively) and there were significant differences in beta diversity (q<0.003 and q<0.003, respectively). Analyses of C specimens generated a larger number of significantly differentially abundant taxa compared to other sampling methods. Although not statistically significant, relative abundance of putative pathogens was higher in participants with polyps compared to controls regardless of sampling technique.
Conclusion: Results of this exploratory study suggest significant microbial differences exist among patients with endometrial polyps vs. healthy controls. However, results varied by sampling technique, highlighting a need to identify optimal sampling methods prior to validating findings in larger prospective cohort studies.
Keywords: 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing; Endometrial microbiome; biopsy; fibroid; polyp.
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