Effective monitoring of veterinary drug residues in food is essential for legislation compliance and food safety, yet remains challenging due to low concentrations and complex matrices. This study introduced a miniaturized 96-well electromembrane extraction (EME) technique for pre-concentration and isolation 80 prohibited/restricted veterinary drugs from honey samples. Three liquid membranes were developed and characterized: V1 ("V" for veterinary), a mixture of 2-undecanone and 0.5 % 2-nitro-p-cymene, was optimal for extraction of quinolones, tetracyclines, and β-agonists. V2, a mixture of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether and a deep eutectic solution (formed upon mixing 6-methylcoumarin with thymol in a 1:1 w/w ratio) in a 1:1 v/v ratio, with the addition of 0.5 % di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP), was suitable for macrolides and sulfonamides extraction. V3, a deep eutectic solvent formed upon 1-decanoic acid and camphor in a 1:1 w/w ratio with 1 % DEHP, was suitable for aminoglycosides and β-lactams. Operational parameters were fine-tuned to achieve optimal extraction efficiencies, with recoveries ranging from 20.1-117.5 %, 20.3-91.9 %, and 20.1-118.8 % for V1, V2, and V3, respectively. High precision was observed for compounds with recoveries over 40 % (intra-day: 0.4-27.7 %; inter-day: 2.6-33.0 %), and matrix effects were generally within 80-120 %. This work established a theoretical framework for EME in food analysis, highlighting its potential as a powerful sample pretreatment method for the detection of veterinary drug residues. The results demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of using EME for ensuring food safety and regulatory compliance.
Keywords: 96-well microextraction; Electromembrane extraction; Food safety analysis; Honey samples; Veterinary drug residues.
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