A Postmodernist Qualitative Research Approach: Choosing Between Descriptive and Interpretive Phenomenology

Abstract

Introduction: Phenomenology is essential for researchers exploring human experience. To apply it rigorously, an understanding of its philosophical foundations is needed. This discussion outlines the key distinctions between interpretive and descriptive phenomenology to illustrate philosophical and methodological implications. Nursing researchers seeking to either uncover universal essences or interpret deeper, contextually situated meanings in lived experiences may find this discussion instructive.

Background: Phenomenology examines lived experiences, focusing on interpretation and meaning. The question of understanding follows either an epistemological (descriptive) or ontological (interpretive) line of questioning. Husserl's descriptive approach seeks to objectively capture the essence of experiences through bracketing, while Heidegger's interpretive approach emphasises co-constructed meaning, shaped by researcher and participant.

Data sources: In phenomenological studies, researchers use various qualitative data types to uncover the essence of participants' lived experiences. Common methods include in-depth interviews, focus groups, and written narratives, along with artefacts like photographs or journals, and audio-visual materials that capture personal reflections. Researchers may also use observations, field notes, and digital content, ensuring a comprehensive view of participants' perceptions and emotions.

Discussion: Descriptive phenomenology values authenticity through emphasis on objectivity, using methods like Giorgi's analysis, while interpretive phenomenology values co-creation of meaning, employing Heidegger's hermeneutic circle for deeper contextual meaning. The choice of approach depends on the research aims.

Implications for nursing: Descriptive phenomenology helps identify universal themes in patient care, whereas interpretive phenomenology uncovers significant subtle meanings in complex experiences. Nursing researchers should select approaches aligned with their study objectives.

Conclusion: Both methodologies offer valuable insights into nursing research. A clear understanding of their foundations helps researchers choose methods that best suit their research goals.

Keywords: descriptive phenomenology; interpretive phenomenology; lived experience; phenomenology; qualitative research.