Eco-friendly synthesis of CuO/g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites for efficient magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (M-μ-SPE) of trace cadmium from food and water samples

Hassan Elzain Hassan Ahmed; Nuray Güy; Mustafa Soylak

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142626

Eco-friendly synthesis of CuO/g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites for efficient magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (M-μ-SPE) of trace cadmium from food and water samples

Food Chem. 2024 Dec 26:470:142626. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142626. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Hassan Elzain Hassan Ahmed¹, Nuray Güy², Mustafa Soylak³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye; Sudan Atomic Energy Commission (SAEC) - Chemistry and Nuclear Physics Institute, Khartoum, Sudan; Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST) - College of Science-Scientific Laboratories Department, Chemistry Section, Khartoum, Sudan; Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye.
² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye; Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye; Sakarya University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya 54050, Turkey.
³ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye; Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkiye; Khazar University Nano BioAnalytical Chemistry Center (NBAC), Mahsati Str 41, AZ-1096 Baku, Azerbaijan.

PMID: 39755045
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142626

Abstract

In this study, a green synthesis method for synthesizing a novel nanocomposite (CuO/g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄) utilizing renewable dragon fruit peels as the primary raw material was developed. Hydrothermal and thermal decomposition techniques were used for nanocomposite synthesis. This nanocomposite was subsequently employed for the separation and preconcentration of Cd(II) from various environments, including food and water samples. Characterization of the nanocomposite was conducted utilizing FTIR, XRD, and SEM, which confirmed the successful combination of both metal oxides with g-C₃N₄ within the composite structure. The method exhibited efficient extraction of Cd (II) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.65 μg L^-1 and high recovery values (84-108 %) in real sample analyses. Optimization of parameters, including pH (8.0), adsorbent quantity (10 mg), and vortex mixing times (1 min for both), were studied to enhance extraction efficiency. This method demonstrates significant potential for environmental applications and provides a low-cost and sustainable approach for separating/enriching trace heavy metals, like Cd (II), with minimal environmental impact.

Keywords: Cadmium; CuO/g-C₃N₄/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite; Food; Green synthesis; Magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (M-μ-SPE); Water.