First detection of the S989P+V1016G+D1763Y haplotype and expansion of voltage-gated sodium channel mutations in Aedes aegypti in Taiwan in 2016-2023

Han-Hsuan Chung; Hwa-Jen Teng; Chin-Gi Huang; I-Jung Tsai; Hung-Jui Chen; Osamu Komagata; Shinji Kasai; Kun-Hsien Tsai; Shiu-Ling Chen

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012768

First detection of the S989P+V1016G+D1763Y haplotype and expansion of voltage-gated sodium channel mutations in Aedes aegypti in Taiwan in 2016-2023

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2025 Jan 6;19(1):e0012768. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012768. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Han-Hsuan Chung^{1

2}, Hwa-Jen Teng¹, Chin-Gi Huang³, I-Jung Tsai¹, Hung-Jui Chen¹, Osamu Komagata⁴, Shinji Kasai⁴, Kun-Hsien Tsai^{2

5}, Shiu-Ling Chen¹

Affiliations

¹ Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.
² Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
³ National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
⁴ Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵ Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

PMID: 39761287
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012768

Abstract

Background: Aedes aegypti transmits various arthropod-borne diseases such as dengue, posing a significant burden to public health in tropical and subtropical regions. Pyrethroid-based control strategies are effective in managing this vector; however, the development of insecticide resistance has hindered these efforts. Hence, long-term monitoring of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations is crucial for effective vector and disease control.

Methodology/principal findings: In this study, we identified insecticide resistance due to a voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) mutation in Ae. aegypti in Taiwan between 2016 and 2023. In total, 1,761 field-caught Ae. aegypti samples from Tainan, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung were genotyped. The frequencies of S989P, V1016G, T1520I, F1534C, and D1763Y amino acid variants increased over the surveillance period. A T1520I mutation was detected for the first time and has since rapidly spread throughout Taiwan. The triple-mutant haplotype PGTFY was first documented in Ae. aegypti. Moreover, the unmutated haplotype vanished in Taiwan, suggesting that the vgsc mutations were fixed in local populations of Ae. aegypti. Five resistance-associated genotypes, SVTCD/SVTCD, SGTFY/PGTFD, SVTCD/SGTFY, PGTFD/PGTFD, and SVTCD/PGTFD, exhibited an increased frequency and accounted for 76% of the total field population. We also detected the resistant genotype SVICD/PGTFD, and its frequency increased 13-fold in the field between 2016 and 2023. Moreover, we also observed that mutations differed geographically, with S989P mainly found in Kaohsiung and V1016G in Kaohsiung and Pingtung. The frequency of T1520I was noticeably higher in Kaohsiung, and D1763Y occurred mainly in Tainan.

Conclusions/significance: The emergence and expansion of mutations along with the disappearance of wild-type mosquitoes in Taiwan underscores the threat of resistance and difficulty of mosquito control in Taiwan as well as globally. This study determined the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in Taiwan, and the findings will be helpful for resistance monitoring in areas where pyrethroids are used to control Ae. aegypti.

Copyright: © 2025 Chung et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.