Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein in acute stroke: feasibility to determine stroke-type, timeline and tissue-impact

Julien F Paul; Célina Ducroux; Pamela Correia; Audrey Daigneault; Catherine Larochelle; Christian Stapf; Laura C Gioia

doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1470718

Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein in acute stroke: feasibility to determine stroke-type, timeline and tissue-impact

Front Neurol. 2024 Dec 6:15:1470718. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1470718. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Julien F Paul^{1

2

3}, Célina Ducroux^{1

2

3

4}, Pamela Correia^{1

2

3}, Audrey Daigneault³, Catherine Larochelle^{1

2

3}, Christian Stapf^{1

2

3}, Laura C Gioia^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
² Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
³ Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁴ Division of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Abstract

Background: Interest is emerging regarding the role of blood biomarkers in acute stroke. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of biomarker acquisition in suspected acute stroke, using modern ultrasensitive immunoassay techniques, and explore their potential usefulness for stroke diagnosis and management.

Methods: In 62 patients with suspected acute stroke, blood samples were prospectively obtained upon arrival and prior to neuroimaging. Serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) and neurofilament light chain (sNfL) were analyzed using a single molecule array (SIMOA^®) method, according to time of symptom onset, neuroimaging, and final diagnosis.

Results: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) was diagnosed in 35 patients, 10 with large-vessel occlusion (LVO). The remaining were diagnosed with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (n = 12), transient ischemic attack (n = 4), and stroke mimics (n = 11). Median (IQR) sGFAP levels were significantly higher in ICH (2,877.8 [1,002.1-10,402.5] pg./mL) compared to others diagnoses. In AIS, GFAP levels appear to increase with longer delays since symptom onset and were higher in patients with more extensive ischemic changes on baseline CT (ASPECTS ≤7) than those without, particularly in LVO stroke. NfL values were similar across groups.

Conclusion: In acute stroke, serum GFAP levels show potential as an adjunct tool for the distinction between ICH and AIS. Specific to AIS, GFAP may also offer insight into time from onset, and extent of ischemic tissue injury on neuroimaging, particularly in LVO stroke. These preliminary findings merit further study.

Keywords: GFAP; biomarkers; intracerebral hemorrhage; ischemic stroke; large-vessel occlusion.

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Internal start-up funds (Neurology Service, CHUM).