Amidine-functionalized aggregation-induced emission luminogen and a 3D-printed digital sensor platform for ultrafast and visual detection of heparin

Abstract

Background: Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant in clinic. However, improper dosing can increase the risk of thromboembolic events, potentially leading to life-threatening complications. Clinic monitoring of heparin is very important for its use safety. Rapid and accurate point-of-care testing can significantly reduce the risk of thrombotic events. The detection of heparin using fluorescent probes has emerged as a significant area of research, driven by the need for rapid, sensitive, and selective methods for monitoring this crucial anticoagulant in clinical settings. However, the absence of convenient and user-friendly heparin testing methods continues to pose a challenge.

Results: In this work, a tetraphenylethylene derivatives with four amidine active groups (TPE-4⁺) was prepared. TPE-4⁺ has obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect on the heparin with a 127-fold enhancement occurring within just 3 s. The molecular docking simulation showed that TPE-4⁺ was closely embedded in the heparin by the electrostatic force between four amidine of TPE-4⁺ and sulfate ester group of heparin, restricted intramolecular motion of TPE-4⁺, and causing obvious AIE features. The fluorescence intensity of TPE-4⁺ was line with the concentration of heparin in the range of 0-2.0 U/mL with a lowest detection limit of 0.0038 U/mL. The possible interference in the serum samples had no influence on the determination of heparin. Using 3D printing technology, a compact, portable digital sensor platform for straightforward monitoring of heparin levels was fabricated.

Significance: The proposed innovative platform provides a powerful tool to make portable and real-time monitoring of heparin possible, and thereby contributing to achieve point-of-care testing and decrease the risk of thrombotic events. This novel method of combining the probe with the sensing platform simplifies the detection process and enhances patient care by providing more accurate diagnostic capabilities.

Keywords: Digital sensor; Fluorescence; Heparin; Visual detection.