TATA-binding protein (TBP) and its associated factors are required for transcriptional initiation by all three RNA polymerases, and evidence for regulation of their activities during early development has been recently reported. In the present study, we have investigated the regulation of TBP gene expression during male germ cell development. TBP mRNA was found to be increased more than 40-fold in rat and mouse testis and spermatogenic cells relative to somatic tissues. This up-regulation was stage-dependent, occurring specifically in meiotic and postmeiotic cells. Nuclear run-on analysis further demonstrated that transcription of the TBP gene was markedly elevated in the adult mouse testis relative to somatic tissue and prepuberal testis, indicating that transcriptional induction accounts, in large part, for the increased abundance of TBP mRNA in spermatogenic cells. In contrast to TBP mRNA, levels of TBP protein were elevated only 2.5-fold in mouse spermatogenic cells relative to somatic tissues. Polysome gradient analysis suggested that translational repression is an important determining factor in the unexpectedly low ratio of TBP protein-mRNA in male germ cells. These findings raise the possibility that transcriptional induction of TBP during spermatogenesis reflects a cell-specific homeostatic mechanism that maintains TBP protein concentrations at sufficiently high levels throughout male germ cell development.